The Success Genome

Industry

Music

Where the whole game is the masters and the publishing — who owns the songs, not who sang them.

Of the 23 music figures here, 26% started from a soft landing, and 35% reached a billion-dollar outcome. These are people who succeeded, not the odds of succeeding — the numbers describe this set, not the industry at large. Full definitions live on the method page.

Music holds some of the hardest starts of any industry in this set. The way in is talent and an audience, not money or a degree, which is why the origins here run rougher than in tech or finance. The door is open. What sits behind it is a contract most artists sign before they fully understand it.

The fortunes belong to the artists who ended up owning their masters, their publishing, or a business built on their name, and to the executives on the other side of those deals. The artists who traded ownership for an advance early, which was the standard deal for decades, stayed dependent on it no matter how famous they got. The starkest lesson in the whole set lives here: same fame, an order of magnitude apart in wealth, decided by ownership.

23 music success stories

Refine by origin, path & era →
Music 4 / 1
Jimmy Iovine
Co-founder, Interscope Records and Beats Electronics
working-class · well-connected · some college
Music · Telecommunications 2 / 3
Richard Branson
Founder, Virgin Group
upper-middle-class · elite · no college
Music 6 / 8
Rihanna
Recording artist; co-founder, Fenty Beauty and Savage X Fenty
working-class · outsider · no college
Music 2 / 7
Beyoncé Knowles
Recording artist; founder and CEO, Parkwood Entertainment
middle-class · some · no college
Music 9 / 7
Dr. Dre
Record producer; co-founder, Beats Electronics (Dr. Dre)
public housing · outsider · no college
Music 10 / 8
Jay-Z
Artist and founder, Roc Nation (Jay-Z)
public housing · outsider · no college
Music 7 / 7
Michael Jackson
Singer and songwriter; owner of the ATV/Sony music publishing catalog
working-class · outsider · no college
Music · Film & TV 3 / 3
Taylor Swift
Singer-songwriter; re-recorded her own catalogue and bought back her original masters; the Eras Tour, the first tour to gross over $1 billion
affluent · well-connected · no college
Music 4 / 8
Berry Gordy
Founder, Motown Records
working-class, entrepreneurial · some · no college
Music 8 / 7
Carlos Santana
Guitarist and bandleader, Santana
working-class musician's family · outsider · no college
Music 9 / 6
Dolly Parton
Singer-songwriter; owner of her song catalogue and half of Dollywood
rural poverty · some · no college
Music 4 / 4
Drake
Recording artist and label founder, OVO Sound (Drake)
divided-house working-to-middle · some · no college
Music · Film & TV 5 / 6
Jennifer Lopez
Recording artist and actress; founder, Nuyorican Productions and JLo Beauty
working-class · some · some college
Music 8 / 8
Kendrick Lamar
Rapper and songwriter; co-founder, pgLang
poverty · outsider · no college
Music · Film & TV 3 / 6
Lady Gaga
Singer, songwriter, and actress (Lady Gaga); founder, Haus Labs
upper-middle-class · some · some college
Music 8 / 7
Nas
Rapper, "Illmatic"; co-founder, QueensBridge Venture Partners and Mass Appeal Records
public housing · outsider · no college
Music 9 / 9
Tina Turner
Singer and performer; "Private Dancer" and the solo comeback
sharecropping poverty · outsider · no college
Music 7 / 8
Cardi B
Recording artist; launched Whipshots with Starco Brands
working-class · outsider · no college
Music 2 / 4
Lana Del Rey
Singer-songwriter, performing as Lana Del Rey; "Video Games," "Born to Die," "Norman Fucking Rockwell!"
upper-middle class · some · college degree
Music 7 / 9
Megan Thee Stallion
Grammy-winning rapper; founder, Hot Girl Productions
working-class · outsider · college degree
Music · Film & TV 6 / 8
Queen Latifah
Rapper and actress (Queen Latifah); co-founder and CEO, Flavor Unit Entertainment
working-class, two-parent then single-mother · outsider · some college
Music 8 / 8
will.i.am
Founder, Black Eyed Peas; co-founder, Beats Electronics
public housing · outsider · no college
Music 2 / 2
Lizzy McAlpine
Singer-songwriter; viral single "ceilings"; albums Five Seconds Flat and Older; Broadway debut in Floyd Collins
professional · some · some college